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Design and characteristic research of a novel electromechanical-hydraulic hybrid actuator with two transmission mechanisms

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0735-x

摘要： Servo-hydraulic actuators (SHAs) are widely used in mechanical equipment to drive heavy-duty mechanisms. However, their energy efficiency is low, and their motion characteristics are inevitably affected by uncertain nonlinearities. Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) possess superior energy efficiency and motion characteristics. However, they cannot easily drive heavy-duty mechanisms because of weak bearing capacity. This study proposes and designs a novel electromechanical-hydraulic hybrid actuator (EMHA) that integrates the advantages of EMA and SHA. EMHA mainly features two transmission mechanisms. The piston of the hydraulic transmission mechanism and the ball screw pair of the electromechanical transmission mechanism are mechanically fixed together through screw bolts, realizing the integration of two types of transmission mechanisms. The control scheme of the electromechanical transmission mechanism is used for motion control, and the hydraulic transmission mechanism is used for power assistance. Then, the mathematical model, structure, and parameter design of the new EMHA are studied. Finally, the EMHA prototype and test platform are manufactured. The test results prove that the EMHA has good working characteristics and high energy efficiency. Compared with the valve-controlled hydraulic cylinder system, EMHA exhibits a velocity tracking error and energy consumption reduced by 49.7% and 54%, respectively, under the same working conditions.

关键词： electromechanical-hydraulic hybrid actuator (EMHA) integration transmission mechanisms power assistance energy efficiency working characteristics

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《网络安全法（草案二次审议稿）》第27条修改建议——以网络服务提供者协助解密义务为中心

崔聪聪,李欲晓,韩松

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第6期页码 34-38 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.06.007

摘要：

网络服务提供者协助解密义务，隐含着公权力（侦查权）与私权利（通信秘密权、隐私权）之间的冲突。用户的非公开信息应该在可控、可追溯基础上，遵循必要性原则和比例原则，综合考虑执法成本，司法机关经由法律确定网络服务提供者履行协助解密义务获取，进而达到社会治理管控、公众安宁生活与网络服务提供者营业自由的综合效益最大化目标，避免落入公权力严重侵犯私权利的情形或者出现政府失效的无序状态。

关键词：协助解密义务必要性原则比例原则可控、可追溯救济措施

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用于可穿戴式人体助力和运动康复的人工肌肉 Review

Tian-yun DONG, Xiang-liang ZHANG, Tao LIU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第19卷第11期页码 1303-1315 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800618

摘要：传统外骨骼在可穿戴式人体助力和运动康复领域做出巨大贡献。然而，外骨骼仍然面临一些挑战，如质量大、结构复杂、刚度高、噪音大，且关节处有固定旋转中心，给老年人和肌肉虚弱者带来使用困难。相反，基于柔性智能材料的人工肌肉具有质量轻、结构紧凑、刚度低和静音驱动等特性，被认为是与天然肌肉最相似的材料。介电弹性体（dielectric elastomers，DE）和聚氯乙烯（polyvinyl chloride，PVC）凝胶致动应变和致动应力大，响应速度快，驱动寿命长，在可穿戴式人体助力和运动康复领域具有很大应用潜力。然而，这两种材料在这些领域少有研究。在这篇综述中，我们首先分别介绍DE和PVC凝胶的工作原理。接着，总结常用DE材料和PVC凝胶材料。然后，回顾这两种材料所需要的驱动电极和自传感系统。最后，介绍这两种材料在可穿戴式人体助力和运动康复领域的初步应用。

关键词：人工肌肉；智能材料；介电弹性体（DE）；聚氯乙烯（PVC）凝胶；执行器；可穿戴式人体助力；运动康复

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Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes with wettability-regulated channels: improved water permeability and electro-enhanced rejection performance

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1601-8

摘要：

● Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes were fabricated.

关键词： Reduced graphene oxide MXene Membrane Water permeance Dye rejection Electro-assistance

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可实现跖屈—背屈双向运动辅助的绳驱动踝关节外骨骼 Research

王田苗1,裴轩1,侯涛刚1,2,樊瑜波3,5,杨轩1,Hugh M. HERR4,杨兴帮4

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第21卷第5期页码 723-739 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1900455

摘要：下肢外骨骼辅助机器人广泛应用于运动辅助或康复训练。因绳驱动外骨骼具有良好人体顺应性且更加轻便，研究人员研发出一系列绳驱动样机辅助踝关节运动，但其中大多数只能辅助单向运动。本文提出一种可穿戴绳驱动踝关节外骨骼机器人，该外骨骼机器人使用一对单电机分别实现两侧踝关节跖屈—背屈双向运动辅助。该外骨骼主要重量（即电机、供能单元和控制单元）置于人体近端（即腰部）附近，以减少作用在穿戴者下肢的附加转动惯量。设计了基于齿轮—滑轮组件的绳索力传输系统，有效地将动力从电机端传递至末端执行器；设计了动力输出单元中的自张紧装置，用于实现穿戴者行走过程中绳索的张紧；设计了基于足底压力传感器和惯性测量单元（IMU）的步态检测系统，可有效识别步态周期和步行状态。为验证外骨骼动力输出性能，进行力矩跟踪实验。在受试者佩戴该外骨骼并提供主动辅助力情况下，比目鱼肌活动与未佩戴外骨骼状态相比降低5.2％，从而验证该外骨骼的力辅助作用。本文研究表明，该轻型绳驱动外骨骼机器人在人体运动增强或康复训练中具有潜在应用前景。

关键词：踝关节外骨骼；跖屈—背屈双向辅助；仿生步态力矩；绳驱动；步态探测

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UPFC setting to avoid active power flow loop considering wind power uncertainty

Shenghu LI, Ting WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 165-175 doi: 10.1007/s11708-020-0686-z

摘要： The active power loop flow (APLF) may be caused by impropriate network configuration, impropriate parameter settings, and/or stochastic bus powers. The power flow controllers, e.g., the unified power flow controller (UPFC), may be the reason and the solution to the loop flows. In this paper, the critical existence condition of the APLF is newly integrated into the simultaneous power flow model for the system and UPFC. Compared with the existing method of alternatively solving the simultaneous power flow and sensitivity-based approaching to the critical existing condition, the integrated power flow needs less iterations and calculation time. Besides, with wind power fluctuation, the interval power flow (IPF) is introduced into the integrated power flow, and solved with the affine Krawcyzk iteration to make sure that the range of active power setting of the UPFC not yielding the APLF. Compared with Monte Carlo simulation, the IPF has the similar accuracy but less time.

关键词： active power loop flow (APLF) unified power flow controller (UPFC) wind power uncertainty interval power flow (IPF)

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Electro-assisted CNTs/ceramic flat sheet ultrafiltration membrane for enhanced antifouling and separation performance

Shuo Wei, Lei Du, Shuo Chen, Hongtao Yu, Xie Quan

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1303-4

摘要： Abstract • A stable and electroconductive CNTs/ceramic membrane was fabricated. • The membrane with the electro-assistance exhibited optimal fouling mitigation. • The removal efficiency was improved by the -2.0 V electro-assistance. • Electro-assisted filtration is energy-saving than that of commercial membrane. Ultrafiltration is employed as an important process for water treatment and reuse, which is of great significance to alleviate the shortage of water resources. However, it suffers from severe membrane fouling and the trade-off between selectivity and permeability. In this work, a CNTs/ceramic flat sheet ultrafiltration membrane coupled with electro-assistance was developed for improving the antifouling and separation performance. The CNTs/ceramic flat sheet membrane was fabricated by coating cross-linked CNTs on ceramic membrane, featuring a good electroconductivity of 764.75 S/m. In the filtration of natural water, the permeate flux of the membrane with the cell voltage of -2.0 V was 1.8 times higher than that of the membrane without electro-assistance and 5.7-fold greater than that of the PVDF commercial membrane. Benefiting from the electro-assistance, the removal efficiency of the typical antibiotics was improved by 50%. Furthermore, the electro-assisted membrane filtration process showed 70% reduction in energy consumption compared with the filtration process of the commercial membrane. This work offers a feasible approach for membrane fouling mitigation and effluent quality improvement and suggests that the electro-assisted CNTs/ceramic membrane filtration process has great potential in the application of water treatment.

关键词： Ultrafiltration Electro-assistance CNTs Membrane fouling mitigation

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降低树脂基碳纤维复合材料成本的工程途径

赵渠森

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第9期页码 21-28

摘要：

树脂基复合材料已在航空航天工业中获得广泛应用。当今复合材料的低成本已是广泛议题。文章从工程角度讨论降低成本的有效途径，它们是通过改善树脂韧性提高设计许用应变，尽可能实现结构整体性，采用混杂复合材料结构，应用树脂渗透成形工艺和电子束固化技术。

关键词：买得起复合材料 BMI树脂整体共固化结构真空辅助树脂渗透

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基于动态占用网格改进概率模型的换道辅助策略 Research Articles

杨正才1,2,高振海1,高菲1,武馨宇1,何磊1

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第22卷第11期页码 1492-1504 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000439

摘要：自动驾驶汽车换道辅助是一个热门研究课题。驾驶区域场景建模是解决换道决策问题的前提。提出一种基于动态占用网格的道路环境表示方法。该模型将车辆速度、障碍物、车道线和交通规则等信息封装成一种空间驾驶概率的形式。这些信息被编译成哈希表，通过哈希函数将网格图映射到一个哈希图中。利用该模型建立一个车辆行为决策成本方程，该方程基于最小成本原则，同时考虑车辆驾驶性能、安全性和动力等影响因素，辅助驾驶员做出准确换道决策。通过车辆测试验证了该换道辅助策略的可行性。结果表明，基于动态占用网格概率模型的换道辅助系统可为驾驶者提供兼顾动力和安全性的换道辅助。

关键词：占用网格；概率模型；换道辅助

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Possible role of power-to-heat and power-to-gas as flexible loads in German medium voltage networks

Mark KUPRAT, Martin BENDIG, Klaus PFEIFFER

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 135-145 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0472-8

摘要： Germany’s energy transition triggered a rapid and unilateral growth of renewable energy sources (RES) in the electricity sector. With increasing shares of intermittent RES, overcapacities during periods of strong wind and photovoltaic electricity generation occur. In the face of insufficient transmission capacities, due to an inhibited network extension, the electricity generation has to be curtailed. This curtailment of RES leads to economic losses and could be avoided through flexible loads. As an option to cope with those problems, the technologies of power-to-gas (PtG) and power-to-heat (PtH) are presented in this paper. First, the alkaline electrolyzer (AEL), polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL), and solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) are investigated regarding their operational parameters. Second, the electric boiler, electrode heating boiler, and heat pumps are considered. Ultimately, the network-supporting abilities and the potential to provide ancillary services, such as control power, load sequence operation, cold start and part load capability, are compared among one another.

关键词： power-to-gas power-to-heat flexible loads ancillary services coherent energy systems

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Evaluation of the power-generation capacity of wearable thermoelectric power generator

Yang YANG, Jing LIU,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 346-357 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0112-z

摘要： Employing thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to gather heat dissipating from the human body through the skin surface is a promising way to supply electronic power to wearable and pocket electronics. The uniqueness of this method lies in its direct utilization of the temperature difference between the environment and the human body, and complete elimination of power maintenance problems. However, most of the previous investigations on thermal energy harvesters are confined to the TEG and electronic system themselves because of the low quality of human energy. We evaluate the energy generation capacity of a wearable TEG subject to various conditions based on biological heat transfer theory. Through numerical simulation and corresponding parametric studies, we find that the temperature distribution in the thermopiles affects the criterion of the voltage output, suggesting that the temperature difference in a single point can be adopted as the criterion for uniform temperature distribution. However, the criterion has to be shifted to the sum of temperature difference on each thermocouple when the temperature distribution is inconsistent. In addition, the performance of the thermal energy harvester can be easily influenced by environmental conditions, as well as the physiological state and physical characteristics of the human body. To further validate the calculation results for the wearable TEG, a series of conceptual experiments are performed on a number of typical cases. The numerical simulation provides a good overview of the electricity generation capability of the TEG, which may prove useful in the design of future thermal energy harvesters.

关键词： thermal energy harvester thermoelectric generator biological heat transfer power generating capacity

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Renewable power for China: Past, present, and future

Eric MARTINOT

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 287-294 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0120-z

摘要： This paper briefly examines the history, status, policy situation, development issues, and prospects for key renewable power technologies in China. The country has become a global leader in wind turbine and solar photovoltaic (PV) production, and leads the world in total power capacity from renewable energy. Policy frameworks have matured and evolved since the landmark 2005 Renewable Energy Law, updated in 2009. China’s 2020 renewable energy target is similar to that of the EU. However, China continues to face many challenges in technology development, grid-integration, and policy frameworks. These include training, research and development, wind turbine operating experience and performance, transmission constraints, grid interconnection time lags, resource assessments, power grid integration on large scales, and continued policy development and adjustment. Wind and solar PV targets for 2020 will likely be satisfied early, although domestic demand for solar PV remains weak and the pathways toward incorporating distributed and building-integrated solar PV are uncertain. Prospects for biomass power are limited by resource constraints. Other technologies such as concentrating solar thermal power, ocean energy, and electricity storage require greater attention.

关键词： renewable energy wind power solar power sustainable energy policy green industry

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Carbon emission impact on the operation of virtual power plant with combined heat and power system

Yu-hang XIA,Jun-yong LIU,Zheng-wen HUANG,Xu ZHANG

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第17卷第5期页码 479-488 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500467

摘要： A virtual power plant (VPP) can realize the aggregation of distributed generation in a certain region, and represent distributed generation to participate in the power market of the main grid. With the expansion of VPPs and ever-growing heat demand of consumers, managing the effect of fluctuations in the amount of available renewable resources on the operation of VPPs and maintaining an economical supply of electric power and heat energy to users have been important issues. This paper proposes the allocation of an electric boiler to realize wind power directly converted for supplying heat, which can not only overcome the limitation of heat output from a combined heat and power (CHP) unit, but also reduce carbon emissions from a VPP. After the electric boiler is considered in the VPP operation model of the combined heat and power system, a multi-objective model is built, which includes the costs of carbon emissions, total operation of the VPP and the electricity traded between the VPP and the main grid. The model is solved by the CPLEX package using the fuzzy membership function in Matlab, and a case study is presented. The power output of each unit in the case study is analyzed under four scenarios. The results show that after carbon emission is taken into account, the output of low carbon units is significantly increased, and the allocation of an electric boiler can facilitate the maximum absorption of renewable energy, which also reduces carbon emissions from the VPP.

关键词： Virtual power plant (VPP) Carbon emissions Electric boiler Wind power Combined heat and power (CHP)

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制造质量强国战略

“制造质量强国战略研究”课题组

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第7期页码 24-28

摘要：

本文系统论述了实现制造质量强国战略的意义，分析了我国制造业质量发展的现状，借鉴主要工业国家质量发展经验并针对中国国情，提出了到2025年制造质量强国的战略目标、战略任务、战略对策和政策建议。

关键词：制造强国质量战略

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Will Germany move into a situation with unsecured power supply?

Harald SCHWARZ

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 551-570 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0641-z

摘要： Together with a huge number of other countries, Germany signed the Paris Agreements in 2015 to prevent global temperature increase above 2°C. Within this agreement, all countries defined their own national contributions to CO reduction. Since that, it was visible that CO emissions in Germany decreased, but not so fast than proposed in this German nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement. Due to increasing traffic, CO emissions from this mobility sector increased and CO emission from German power generation is nearly constant for the past 20 years, even a renewable generation capacity of 112 GW was built up in 2017, which is much higher than the peak load of 84 GW in Germany. That is why the German National Government has implemented a commission (often called “The German Coal Commission”) to propose a time line: how Germany can move out of coal-fired power stations. This “Coal Commission” started its work in the late spring of 2018 and handed over its final report with 336 pages to the government on January 26th, 2019. Within this report the following proposals were made: ① Until 2022: Due to a former decision of the German Government, the actual remaining nuclear power generation capacity of about 10 GW has to be switched off in 2022. Besides, the “Coal Commission” proposed to switch off additionally in total 12.5 GW of both, hard coal and lignite-fired power plants, so that Germany should reduce its conventional generation capacity by 22.5 GW in 2022. ② Until 2030: Another 13 GW of German hard coal or lignite-fired power plants should be switched off. ③ Until 2038: The final 17 GW of German hard coal or lignite-fired power plants should be switched off until 2038 latest. Unfortunately the “Coal Commission” has not investigated the relevant technical parameter to ensure a secured electric power supply, based on German’s own national resources. Because German Energy Revolution mainly is based on wind energy and photovoltaic, this paper will describe the negligible contribution of these sources to the secured generation capacity, which will be needed for a reliable power supply. In addition, it will discuss several technical options to integrate wind energy and photovoltaic into a secured power supply system with an overall reduced CO emission.

关键词： CO₂ reduction mobility sector renewable generation coal commission secured power generation capacity reliable power supply power-to-gas power-to-heat